2月10日，2022(第七屆)世界物聯網大會在京舉行。中國工程院院士鄔賀銓出席并作《5G賦能IoT》主題報告。鄔賀銓表示，5G推動物聯網發展為大帶寬物聯網和大連接物聯網等，而且拓展了物聯網的應用。鄔賀銓從物聯網的基本概念入手，深入淺出地介紹了5G上行物聯網、5G大連接物聯網、中速低時延物聯網、無源物聯網、物(wu)鏈網(wang)、智聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)、工(gong)業物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)和(he)5G基站融(rong)合(he)通感物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)和(he)車聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)等技術(shu)和(he)應用。
中(zhong)國工程院院士鄔賀銓作《5G賦能IoT》主題(ti)報告，介紹5G賦能物聯網的九個方(fang)面
中國蜂窩IoT年增53%
物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)分(fen)為(wei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)和非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)包括(kuo)NBIoT、4G的(de)(de)(de)Cat1、5GIoT;非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)有(you)藍牙、Zigbee、WiFi、LoRa。二者(zhe)帶寬、覆(fu)蓋(gai)距離、對應的(de)(de)(de)傳感器，以及連(lian)接(jie)規模、采用的(de)(de)(de)協議，頻率(lv)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)授(shou)權(quan)，網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)主體，是(shi)(shi)否(fou)直接(jie)跟公網(wang)(wang)(wang)連(lian)接(jie)都(dou)有(you)區別。應用領域(yu)，非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)短(duan)距離;蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)一(yi)(yi)般是(shi)(shi)廣域(yu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)。根(gen)據(ju)統(tong)計，全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)設(she)備聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)數(shu)(shu)，2025年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)可以達到(dao)(dao)(dao)271億(yi)，比(bi)2020年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增加了(le)158億(yi)臺，相當(dang)于年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增33%。根(gen)據(ju)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)內(nei)咨詢(xun)公司的(de)(de)(de)報告，到(dao)(dao)(dao)2021年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底，全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)連(lian)接(jie)數(shu)(shu)大概是(shi)(shi)115億(yi)，現(xian)在非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)數(shu)(shu)是(shi)(shi)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)三(san)倍，但是(shi)(shi)增速(su)(su)以蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)主。而在非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)無線物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)連(lian)接(jie)數(shu)(shu)里，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)占(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)37.5%。全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)2017-2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增速(su)(su)約為(wei)6%， 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)非(fei)(fei)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)增速(su)(su)達到(dao)(dao)(dao)32.5%，比(bi)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)增速(su)(su)還是(shi)(shi)要高的(de)(de)(de)多。全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增速(su)(su)大概是(shi)(shi)14%，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)2017-2022年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)增53%。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)30%，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)75%。去年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)9月，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)數(shu)(shu)，超過了(le)手機用戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)數(shu)(shu)，開始了(le)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)超人的(de)(de)(de)時代，預測到(dao)(dao)(dao)2030年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)連(lian)接(jie)數(shu)(shu)要超過100億(yi)，目前只有(you)18億(yi)，還有(you)很大的(de)(de)(de)增長空間，而且蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)從傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)2G、3G擴展(zhan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)4G、5G，尤其(qi)是(shi)(shi)5G會加快蜂(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)窩(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)。
5G拓展蜂窩物聯網的應用
蜂窩物聯網主要應用是四個方面，公共服務、車聯網、智慧零售、智慧家居，四類應用比分別占我國蜂窩物聯網應用的26%、20%、13%和10%。鄔賀銓表示，將來通過5G上云，我們可以直接利用人工智能，可以(yi)使(shi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)為智聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)AIoT。5G推動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)發展(zhan)為大(da)帶(dai)寬物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和大(da)連(lian)接(jie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)等，而且拓展(zhan)了(le)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)應用。物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)經(jing)過這(zhe)么(me)多年發展(zhan)，已經(jing)形成了(le)一個(ge)體系。從千億(yi)(yi)級的(de)(de)無源物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，到百億(yi)(yi)級的(de)(de)窄帶(dai)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，到10億(yi)(yi)級的(de)(de)中低(di)速物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，現在包括了(le)寬帶(dai)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)。鄔賀銓詳細介紹了(le)5G賦能物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)九個(ge)方面。這(zhe)九個(ge)方面分別(bie)為：5G上行物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、5G大(da)連(lian)接(jie)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、中速低(di)時延物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、無源物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)鏈網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、智聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、工業(ye)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、5G基站融合通感物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和車聯(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)等。
大上行物聯網
鄔賀(he)銓(quan)表示，5G面(mian)向(xiang)公(gong)眾通信，下行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)帶寬(kuan)多， 5G上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)峰(feng)值因TDD主流(liu)時(shi)(shi)隙配(pei)比為8D2U和(he)7D3U，在(zai)100MHz/3.5GHz僅350Mbps，這樣就限制了(le)回(hui)傳的(de)帶寬(kuan)。對于需要大(da)上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)大(da)量物(wu)(wu)聯網應用，如何增(zeng)加回(hui)傳帶寬(kuan)，鄔賀(he)銓(quan)表示，可以(yi)(yi)通過(guo)(guo)上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)載(zai)波聚(ju)合CA，例如在(zai)3.5GHz基礎上(shang)增(zeng)開低(di)頻(pin)通道作上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，讓高(gao)+低(di)頻(pin)段(duan)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)承載(zai)流(liu)量;上(shang)下行(xing)(xing)(xing)解耦(ou)SUL，在(zai)上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)無(wu)覆蓋的(de)地方增(zeng)開低(di)頻(pin)補(bu)充上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，高(gao)頻(pin)段(duan)傳5G下行(xing)(xing)(xing);超級上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)，將(jiang)TDD和(he)FDD協同(tong)、高(gao)低(di)頻(pin)互(hu)補(bu)、時(shi)(shi)域和(he)頻(pin)域聚(ju)合，帶寬(kuan)提升20%。大(da)上(shang)行(xing)(xing)(xing)物(wu)(wu)聯網的(de)好處，鄔賀(he)銓(quan)舉例稱，可以(yi)(yi)用激光(guang)掃描一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)物(wu)(wu)體，一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)生產的(de)工(gong)件或物(wu)(wu)件，不論(lun)這一(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)體多復雜，通過(guo)(guo)激光(guang)可以(yi)(yi)將(jiang)整個(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)維參數(shu)取出(chu)來，通過(guo)(guo)5G以(yi)(yi)千(qian)兆的(de)帶寬(kuan)送到云端，把這些(xie)數(shu)據合成一(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)三(san)(san)維模(mo)型，可以(yi)(yi)發現有(you)沒有(you)偏差，實現機器視覺(jue)的(de)質量檢測。
大連接物聯網
5G的大(da)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)，可(ke)以做到每平(ping)方公里100萬個(ge)(ge)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)，盡管每個(ge)(ge)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)可(ke)能只(zhi)有160個(ge)(ge)比特/秒。5G大(da)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)主要應用于共享單車、AGV、環境監(jian)測等(deng)應用。在5G新增空(kong)口(kou)帶(dai)寬切片功能，將(jiang)100MHz載波分割可(ke)同(tong)(tong)時支(zhi)持(chi)大(da)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)窄帶(dai)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)，還(huan)可(ke)與eMBB和(he)URLLC同(tong)(tong)頻(pin)組網(wang)(wang)。另外，對于物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)而(er)言，還(huan)可(ke)以接(jie)(jie)(jie)入5G的IAB(接(jie)(jie)(jie)入回傳(chuan)一體化)技術(shu)，采用同(tong)(tong)頻(pin)和(he)空(kong)口(kou)資源(yuan)同(tong)(tong)時提供接(jie)(jie)(jie)入和(he)回傳(chuan)能力，支(zhi)持(chi)D2D應用，以云端(duan)大(da)腦通(tong)過5G的低時延來管理(li)大(da)量機器人(ren)(ren)、AGV和(he)無人(ren)(ren)機等(deng)，實現低成本的協同(tong)(tong)作業。鄔(wu)賀銓表示，通(tong)過大(da)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)，終端(duan)與終端(duan)間的通(tong)信，以及云端(duan)的通(tong)信，我們可(ke)以做到把(ba)無人(ren)(ren)機、物(wu)料(liao)小車，作為一個(ge)(ge)小機器人(ren)(ren)，它(ta)的大(da)腦放在云端(duan)，可(ke)以遙控它(ta)進行集(ji)中(zhong)的控制作業。
中速低時延物聯網
中(zhong)(zhong)速(su)低時(shi)(shi)延(yan)(yan)物聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)，稱為5G輕型新(xin)空口(kou)(NR-Light)和5G RedCap，在(zai)10~20MHz帶(dai)寬中(zhong)(zhong)提(ti)供上下行(xing)速(su)率50/100Mbps，時(shi)(shi)延(yan)(yan)5~10ms。鄔賀銓表示，中(zhong)(zhong)速(su)低時(shi)(shi)延(yan)(yan)物聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)介于大連(lian)接和窄帶(dai)物聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)之間，填(tian)補了(le)物聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)應(ying)用(yong)其中(zhong)(zhong)一個領域(yu)。雖然速(su)率降(jiang)下來(lai)了(le)，但是同樣要求終(zhong)端和基站得到(dao)相應(ying)簡化，通(tong)過技術，可(ke)以大大簡化性(xing)能成本(ben)。成本(ben)預計可(ke)比5G模組降(jiang)低60~70%，可(ke)支持工(gong)(gong)業傳感器、監控攝像頭(tou)、可(ke)穿戴(dai)設備(bei)、醫療監控設備(bei)等聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)應(ying)用(yong)。例如，工(gong)(gong)人(ren)戴(dai)上5GAR眼鏡(jing)，拿起產品，通(tong)過目測，馬上將(jiang)測出來(lai)的照片視頻送(song)到(dao)云(yun)端，就(jiu)可(ke)以進行(xing)質量(liang)檢(jian)測了(le)。
5G無源物聯網
除了以(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)物(wu)聯網應用(yong)以(yi)(yi)外(wai)(wai)，快(kuai)消品(pin)、物(wu)流包裹、產品(pin)外(wai)(wai)包裝、倉(cang)(cang)庫貨物(wu)盤(pan)點和智能(neng)水表等海量(liang)物(wu)理終端每年有千億(yi)件之多(duo)(duo)，但由于本身條件和成(cheng)本限制不(bu)具備(bei)小型電(dian)(dian)池供電(dian)(dian)，無法使用(yong)NB-IoT。而如果應用(yong)RFID，需要讀(du)寫(xie)(xie)器(qi)來(lai)讀(du)寫(xie)(xie)和供電(dian)(dian)，讀(du)寫(xie)(xie)器(qi)會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)收(shou)發(fa)自干擾(rao)，傳(chuan)輸距(ju)離很短，存儲數據(ju)量(liang)小，無NFC難(nan)與手機互動(dong)，而且(qie)無法用(yong)在倉(cang)(cang)儲等密集(ji)空間中，5G無源物(wu)聯網應運而生(sheng)(sheng)。5G無源物(wu)聯網由基站(zhan)信號賦(fu)能(neng)，但由于5G每一個(ge)賦(fu)形波束(shu)(shu)朝著(zhu)一個(ge)狹(xia)小的(de)方向并且(qie)持續移動(dong)，極難(nan)準確采集(ji)5G波束(shu)(shu)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)，可用(yong)羅(luo)特曼透鏡同時(shi)采集(ji)與匯聚多(duo)(duo)波束(shu)(shu)能(neng)量(liang)，并利用(yong)高(gao)響應度金屬(shu)—半導體—金屬(shu)MSM二極管，提升(sheng)能(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換效(xiao)率。同時(shi)，它的(de)數據(ju)是靠天線的(de)阻抗(kang)匹配(pei)的(de)改(gai)變(bian)，通過反射(she)來(lai)提供數據(ju)。傳(chuan)輸距(ju)離可以(yi)(yi)到(dao)200米。同時(shi)，5G標準化演進中通過精(jing)簡射(she)頻、DSP、協議棧(zhan)、同步性、覆蓋(gai)性增強技(ji)術(shu)、新的(de)干擾(rao)管理技(ji)術(shu)等來(lai)實現低成(cheng)本廣覆蓋(gai)及規模(mo)化。
5G物鏈網
5G物鏈網、智聯網、車聯網以及工業互聯網都詮釋了從萬(wan)物互聯(lian)到萬(wan)物智聯(lian)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢。5G物鏈(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)相對于(yu)一般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)增(zeng)加了物鏈(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)P2P的(de)(de)(de)能力，也(ye)增(zeng)加了物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)支(zhi)撐(cheng)能力，可以(yi)支(zhi)撐(cheng)跟區(qu)塊鏈(lian)(lian)有關的(de)(de)(de)應用。通過(guo)區(qu)塊鏈(lian)(lian)從上網(wang)(wang)(wang)到上云到上鏈(lian)(lian)，從物聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)到智聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)到信聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)，從萬(wan)物互聯(lian)到萬(wan)物智聯(lian)到萬(wan)物信聯(lian)。例如，家庭(ting)攝像頭(tou)、智能路燈等IoT終端容易(yi)被(bei)劫(jie)(jie)持并成為DDoS的(de)(de)(de)跳板，需要(yao)(yao)升級IoT網(wang)(wang)(wang)關使之能發現并禁止(zhi)被(bei)劫(jie)(jie)持的(de)(de)(de)IoT終端訪(fang)問目標服務(wu)器，而(er)多個IoT網(wang)(wang)(wang)關本身的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全性(xing)通過(guo)區(qu)塊鏈(lian)(lian)連接起來(lai)(lai)保(bao)證。鄔賀銓(quan)以(yi)車(che)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)為例稱，車(che)聯(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)車(che)輛(liang)需要(yao)(yao)收(shou)集和(he)共(gong)享數據(ju)，以(yi)保(bao)證安(an)全駕駛。區(qu)塊鏈(lian)(lian)可以(yi)避免集中式(shi)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理架(jia)構中的(de)(de)(de)單點故障以(yi)及數據(ju)被(bei)控制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)問題，通過(guo)智能合(he)約，解(jie)決路側單元(yuan)跟汽(qi)車(che)之間的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全訪(fang)問，依托(tuo)區(qu)塊鏈(lian)(lian)技術，多維來(lai)(lai)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)數據(ju)和(he)保(bao)密性(xing)能得到保(bao)障。
5G智連網
物聯網還可以跟云計算、人工智能結合。在5G智聯網方面，鄔賀銓院士表示，過去，物聯網采集數據通過通信網絡傳輸到云計算和人工智能，但因為通信網絡帶寬不足、時延較大，導致人工智能決策不能第一時間反饋到物聯網層面去執行。而5G的高帶寬、低時延打通了數據從采集到決策的全過程，將物聯網與云計算和人工智能無縫融合。同時，人工智能芯片與操作(zuo)系(xi)統可(ke)以(yi)直接嵌入5G物聯網模塊形成智(zhi)(zhi)聯網的(de)(de)(de)(de)終端(duan)。以(yi)家庭的(de)(de)(de)(de)掃地(di)機為例，如果掃地(di)機能夠語音控(kong)制，把語音識(shi)別、自然語言(yan)理解和自然語言(yan)生成集成，就可(ke)以(yi)實現(xian)智(zhi)(zhi)聯網的(de)(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)掃地(di)機。很(hen)多(duo)IoT終端(duan)是視頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，通過邊緣計(ji)(ji)算，連到(dao)云端(duan)，可(ke)以(yi)實現(xian)對視頻(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)預處理，減輕了(le)物聯網終端(duan)對視頻(pin)處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)(ji)算能力的(de)(de)(de)(de)高要求。
工業物聯網
工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)也是(shi)(shi)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)典型應用(yong)，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)里，5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)模塊，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)跟(gen)5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CPE，或者(zhe)5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無線路由器(qi)結合，并且(qie)把它轉成(cheng)WiFi或者(zhe)轉成(cheng)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)以(yi)(yi)(yi)太網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，連接PLC，再控(kong)制(zhi)生產(chan)裝備(bei)。鄔賀(he)銓(quan)介(jie)紹了5G技術在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)終端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)。5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)模組(zu)實際上是(shi)(shi)5G物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)模組(zu)，也是(shi)(shi)5G客(ke)戶(hu)前(qian)端(duan)設(she)備(bei)，它介(jie)于基站和(he)5G控(kong)制(zhi)終端(duan)之間(jian)，起到各種(zhong)連接設(she)備(bei)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及移動路由器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能。有(you)了工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)終端(duan)，不管是(shi)(shi)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自(zi)建的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5G系(xi)統(tong)，還是(shi)(shi)租用(yong)運(yun)營商的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統(tong)，利用(yong)5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核心網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)控(kong)制(zhi)面跟(gen)用(yong)戶(hu)面分離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性，用(yong)戶(hu)面可以(yi)(yi)(yi)下沉到企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)里，而(er)且(qie)用(yong)戶(hu)面具(ju)能識別業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)走向，確保企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據安全。5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)終端(duan)，是(shi)(shi)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)集成(cheng)計算和(he)PLC能力，并且(qie)5G可以(yi)(yi)(yi)通(tong)過修改用(yong)戶(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數據庫，指定某(mou)一(yi)組(zu)物(wu)聯(lian)(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)終端(duan)，組(zu)成(cheng)一(yi)個5G的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局域(yu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)提供本地的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第二(er)層包(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轉發，相對(dui)WiFi而(er)言，有(you)更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)覆(fu)蓋和(he)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務隔離。
5G基站融合通感物聯網
鄔賀(he)銓對5G基站融(rong)合通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)感(gan)(gan)(gan)物(wu)聯(lian)網(wang)進行了說明。他(ta)表示，現(xian)在(zai)5G基站也可以發展成(cheng)為一(yi)個(ge)物(wu)聯(lian)網(wang)的終端，基站本身就有天(tian)線(xian)，原來(lai)是(shi)管(guan)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)的，現(xian)在(zai)可以把天(tian)線(xian)再增加一(yi)些能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)。感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)在(zai)初期，可能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)使用(yong)不同的波(bo)形、頻(pin)譜(pu)、天(tian)線(xian)和射頻(pin)前(qian)端處理(li)(li)器等(deng)，共存在(zai)一(yi)個(ge)天(tian)線(xian)鐵(tie)塔上，這是(shi)一(yi)種模式。未來(lai)真正的通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)融(rong)合，希望兩者可以共用(yong)波(bo)形、頻(pin)譜(pu)、天(tian)線(xian)系統軟硬(ying)件(jian)(jian)，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)提(ti)升通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)的能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)力(li)，更精(jing)準的實現(xian)波(bo)速的定位和追(zhui)蹤。也通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)過(guo)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)，來(lai)幫助感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)增強(qiang)它的定位精(jing)度(du)、分辨(bian)率等(deng)等(deng)。通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)感(gan)(gan)(gan)融(rong)合，需要一(yi)些技術上的措施(shi)，采(cai)用(yong)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)的空(kong)口和硬(ying)件(jian)(jian)設計、站間的智能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)協同、輕量化(hua)(hua)靈活的感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)架構，結合高(gao)頻(pin)波(bo)束與多天(tian)線(xian)原理(li)(li)，使基站能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)起到一(yi)個(ge)“雷(lei)達”的功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)。目前(qian)已經(jing)可以做到感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)距離突(tu)破800米，通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)融(rong)合基站相比(bi)雷(lei)達在(zai)探(tan)測(ce)距離、分辨(bian)率、測(ce)角精(jing)度(du)等(deng)方面(mian)，性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)提(ti)升了3-5倍，像車聯(lian)網(wang)、機(ji)(ji)場(chang)、無人機(ji)(ji)及低空(kong)安防監測(ce)、高(gao)鐵(tie)的周邊檢測(ce)、危化(hua)(hua)品的運(yun)輸監測(ce)這些領域(yu)，都存在(zai)通(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)信(xin)跟感(gan)(gan)(gan)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的雙重需求(qiu)。
車聯網
5G技(ji)術賦能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)具有(you)云網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)邊端融(rong)合的(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)，圍繞5G+邊緣云平臺可(ke)以(yi)(yi)聚合物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產品與應用，解決傳統物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)產品類型多(duo)難以(yi)(yi)規模化的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)本身就是(shi)一(yi)個大型的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)節點(dian)，一(yi)個汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)有(you)十(shi)多(duo)個CPU，幾百G的(de)(de)(de)存儲器，兩百多(duo)個傳感器，里(li)邊的(de)(de)(de)軟件(jian)系統也很(hen)復雜，5G的(de)(de)(de)低(di)時(shi)延(yan)、高(gao)帶(dai)寬，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)實現車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)到車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)、車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)到人(ren)、車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)到路邊、車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)到停(ting)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)場、車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)到紅綠燈的(de)(de)(de)通信。與現有(you)無線技(ji)術相比(bi)，5G更適(shi)合車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)應用。L5級別的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)動駕駛(shi)要求(qiu)時(shi)延(yan)不超過5毫(hao)秒，可(ke)靠性達到99.999% 。鄔賀(he)銓表(biao)示，安(an)全方(fang)面，5G技(ji)術通過和區(qu)塊(kuai)鏈(lian)結合，在一(yi)個物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)基本構(gou)成上增加了區(qu)塊(kuai)鏈(lian)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)些功能(neng)，區(qu)塊(kuai)鏈(lian)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)避免集中式的(de)(de)(de)管理架構(gou)中的(de)(de)(de)單點(dian)故障(zhang)以(yi)(yi)及數(shu)(shu)據(ju)被控(kong)制的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)，通過智(zhi)能(neng)合約，解決路側單元跟汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)之間的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全訪問，依托區(qu)塊(kuai)鏈(lian)技(ji)術，多(duo)維來源的(de)(de)(de)數(shu)(shu)據(ju)和保密(mi)性能(neng)得到保障(zhang)，以(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)安(an)全駕駛(shi)。同時(shi)，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)借助5G的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)帶(dai)寬、低(di)時(shi)延(yan)傳到云計(ji)算(suan)，打通了數(shu)(shu)據(ju)，從采集到決策(ce)的(de)(de)(de)全過程，將物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)和云計(ji)算(suan)、人(ren)工(gong)(gong)智(zhi)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)無縫融(rong)合，讓汽(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)形成了智(zhi)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)終端。在報告最(zui)后，鄔賀(he)銓表(biao)示，物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)本身是(shi)一(yi)個新的(de)(de)(de)應用，它當然會集成很(hen)多(duo)互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術，但(dan)是(shi)它有(you)它的(de)(de)(de)特殊性，所以(yi)(yi)有(you)很(hen)多(duo)特殊的(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。所謂(wei)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)互聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)首先是(shi)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)聯(lian)(lian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，通過這個能(neng)使得我(wo)們實體經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)更好的(de)(de)(de)融(rong)入到數(shu)(shu)字(zi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)大環境里(li)發展。
